Sensing as a Service in 6G Perceptive Networks: A Unified Framework for ISAC Resource Allocation

In the upcoming next-generation (5G-Advanced and 6G) wireless networks, sensing as a service will play a more important role than ever before. Recently, the concept of perceptive network is proposed as a paradigm shift that provides sensing and communication (S&C) services simultaneously. This type of technology is typically referred to as Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC). In this paper, we propose the concept of sensing quality of service (QoS) in terms of diverse applications. Specifically, the probability of detection, the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for parameter estimation and the posterior CRB for moving target indication are employed to measure the sensing QoS for detection, localization, and tracking, respectively. Then, we establish a unified framework for ISAC resource allocation, where the fairness and the comprehensiveness optimization criteria are considered for the aforementioned sensing services. The proposed schemes can flexibly allocate the limited power and bandwidth resources according to both S&C QoSs. Finally, we study the performance trade-off between S&C services in different resource allocation schemes by numerical simulations

Numerical simulation and thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling model of in situ mining of low-mature organic-rich shale by convection heating

The in situ efficient exploitation of low-mature organic-rich shale resources is critical for alleviating the current oil shortage. Convection heating is the most critical and feasible method for in situ retortion of shale. In this study, a thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling mathematical model for in situ exploitation of shale by convection heating is developed. The dynamic distribution of the temperature, seepage, and stress fields during the in situ heat injection of shale and the coupling effect between multiple physical fields are studied. When the operation time increases from 1 to 2.5 years, the temperature of most shale formations between heat injection and production wells increases significantly (from less than 400 to 500 °C), which is a period of significant production of shale oil and pyrolysis gas. The fluid pore pressure gradually decreases from the peak point of the heat injection well to the surrounding. Compared with shale formation, bedrock permeability is poor, pore pressure increases slowly, and a lag phenomenon exists. The pore pressure difference between bedrock and shale is minimal by 1 year. When the heat injection time is 2.5 years, the permeability coefficient of shale formation in the area from the heat injection well to the production wells increases nearly 100 times the initial permeability coefficient. With increasing formation temperature, the vertical stress gradually evolves from compressive stress to tensile stress. Meanwhile, the action area of tensile stress expands outward with time with the heat injection well as the center. In general, increasing tensile stress enlarges the pore volume. It extends the fracture width, creating favorable conditions for the injection of high-temperature fluids and the production of oil and gas.Cited as: Zhao, J., Wang, L., Liu, S., Kang, Z., Yang, D., Zhao, Y. Numerical simulation and thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling model of in situ mining of low-mature organic-rich shale by convection heating. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2022, 6(6): 502-514. https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2022.06.0

Gadolinium Enhancement May Indicate a Condition at Risk of Developing Necrosis in Marchiafava–Bignami Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review

Marchiafava–Bignami disease (MBD) is a rare condition characterized by demyelination, necrosis and atrophy of the corpus callosum (CC), and mainly associated with alcoholism. MBD may present with various clinical manifestations. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is important in prompt diagnosis and treatment of MBD. Here we reported a case of MBD and reviewed literature about the usage of gadolinium-enhanced MRI in MBD. Gadolinium enhancement may indicate a condition at risk of developing necrosis. We therefore recommend a contrast-enhanced MRI study in severe alcoholics with suspected diagnosis of MBD

The allogeneic umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate the function of T helper 17 cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis in an in vitro co-culture system

BACKGROUND: Previous in vivo studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation significantly improves the condition of a number of autoimmune diseases including autoimmune cerebrospinal meningitis, multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS: To investigate the immunoregulatory effect of stem cell transplantation, human umbilical cord MSCs were co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Orphan nuclear receptor gamma (ROR-γ) mRNA and protein expression was detected with real-time PCR and Western blotting. Interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in the cell culture supernatant were measured using a flow cytometric bead capture method. RESULTS: After 72 hours of co-culture, the mRNA and protein expression levels of ROR-γ in co-cultured PBMCs were decreased compared with that in PBMC of RA patients cultured alone (p < 0.05). Moreover, the decrement was positively related to the disease activity of RA (p < 0.05). Decreased secretion of IL-17, TNF-α and IL-6 were also found in co-culture supernatants of PBMCs from patients with severe and moderate disease activity, but not in supernatant from PBMCs cultured alone. The decreased cytokine expression levels were positively correlated to the concentrations of MSCs. In contrast, PBMCs from healthy controls or patients with mild RA did not show significant differences in ROR-γ expression or cytokine secretion following co-culture with MSCs as compared with those cultured alone. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro co-culture with MSCs down-regulated the inflammatory response of PBMCs from RA patients with severe disease activity, but had no significant effect on PBMCs from healthy controls or patients with mild disease activity, suggesting that the immunoregulatory role of MSCs may associate with the occurrence of inflammatory mediators

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Aided TeraHertz Communications Under Misalignment and Hardware Impairments

TeraHertz (THz) communications are envisioned to help satisfy the ever high data rates demand with massive bandwidth in the future wireless communication systems. However, severe path attenuation, transceiver antenna misalignment, and hardware imperfection greatly alleviate the performance of THz communications. To solve this challenge, we utilize the recently proposed reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology and provide a comprehensive analytical framework of RIS-aided THz communications. More specifically, we first prove that the small-scale amplitude fading of THz signals can be exactly modeled by the fluctuating two-ray distribution based on recent measurements. Exact statistical characterizations of end-to-end signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio (SNDR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are derived. Moreover, we propose a novel method of optimizing the phase-shifts at the RIS elements under discrete phase constraints. Finally, we derive analytical expressions for the outage probability and ergodic capacity, respectively. The tight upper bounds of ergodic capacity for both ideal and non-ideal radio frequency chains are obtained. We provided Monte-Carlo simulations to validate the accuracy of our results. It is interesting to find that the impact of path loss is more pronounced compared to others, and increasing the number of elements at the RIS can significantly improve the THz communication system performance

Over-the-Air Performance Testing of 5G New Radio User Equipment:Standardization and Challenges

Abstract The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is accelerating 5G new radio (NR) global standards aimed at significant enhancement of wireless system performance for higher date rate, better energy efficiency, and higher reliability than the current 4G cellular systems. The operators, manufacturers, and test equipment vendors have worked together to develop standardized over-the-air (OTA) test methodologies for the overall performance evaluation of 5G NR devices. 3GPP is taking the lead in standardizing the OTA testing of 5G NR under fading channel conditions. In 3GPP specifications, test methods have been studied to verify the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) performance of 5G NR user equipments (UEs) in OTA mode. This article follows the 3GPP standardization work and discusses the MIMO OTA test methodologies for 5G NR UEs working at frequency range 1 (FR1) and FR2, with a focus on its new challenges and solutions compared to 4G MIMO OTA testing methods. Then the OTA throughput testing results of real 5G NRUEs are demonstrated under the standard channel models. Finally, the challenges and limitations of standard 5G MIMO OTA test solutions are also highlighted

Cross-correlated quantum thermometry using diamond containing dual-defect centers

The contactless temperature measurement at micro/nanoscale is vital to a broad range of fields in modern science and technology. The nitrogen vacancy (NV) center, a kind of diamond defect with unique spin-dependent photoluminescence, has been recognized as one of the most promising nanothermometers. However, this quantum thermometry technique has been prone to a number of possible perturbations, which will unavoidably degrade its actual temperature sensitivity. Here, for the first time, we have developed a cross-validated optical thermometry method using a bulk diamond sample containing both NV centers and silicon vacancy (SiV) centers. Particularly, the latter allowing all-optical method has been intrinsically immune to those influencing perturbations for the NV-based quantum thermometry, hence serving as a real-time cross validation system. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we have shown a trustworthy temperature measurement under the influence of varying magnetic fields. This multi-modality approach allows a synchronized cross-validation of the measured temperature, which is required for micro/nanoscale quantum thermometry in complicated environments such as a living cell